How Society Views Mental Health Changed over Time

School of Health and Social Care Psychology of Health and Illness unit Observational record template What happened Initial thoughts Whilst at work I saw the nurse take bloods from a patient which was a monthly routine for the patient it has always gone ok and the patient has been fine with having her bloods taken before. The nurse told the patient it wouldn’t hurt at all. Something happened whereby the nurse couldn’t get the blood and had to re-attempt the procedure. The patient also experienced some pain during this procedure which she wasn’t expecting, the patient found this a quite traumatic experience The patient was elderly and appeared confused. The patient became anxious and next time a blood test was due became increasingly†¦show more content†¦Observation B will utilise the cognitive approach and apply this to the experiences of a person experiencing stressful life challenges it will explore key issues such as coping and information processing. The concept of Psychology originated from philosophy and biology which are two factors used in psychology today (Eysenck 2009). Psychology represents ‘study of the mind’ (Gross 2005). Psychology is a type of science which studies the behaviour of humans and animals, psychology tries to understand why people behave in certain ways taking into consideration their thoughts and feelings (Eysenck 2009). The term psychology was founded from the Greek word, psyche which means mind, soul or spirit combined with the Latin word logos which means’ the study of’ (Gross 2005). Psychology dates back to ancient civilizations who were interested in workings of the the mind and behaviours (Payne and Walker 2003). Wilhelm Wundt opened the first psychological laboratory in 1879 (Glassman 2008). Wundt and his co workers studied the structures that make up the mind, he was the first theorist to use psychology as a self conscious experiment studying perceptions and conscious aw areness (Gross 2005). Psychology is relevant to nurses and health care professionals because both nurses and psychologists seek to understand the range of needs of an individual (Barker 2007). They also look at ways of adaptingShow MoreRelatedMental Health Reflection992 Words   |  4 PagesOver the course of this semester I have gained so much knowledge and my understanding of mental health has changed completely. I am thankful for everything that I have learned throughout the semester, and getting to hear my peer’s perspective on mental health helped me develop my own understanding. ARTICULATING YOUR LEARNING: In the beginning of the semester my perspective on mental health was very different than what it has become now. When the semester started my view on mental health was thatRead MoreThe Rules And Regulations For Patient Treatment1084 Words   |  5 PagesIn today’s society, our norms are different than they were 30 years ago. This also applies to the norms in mental institutions as well. 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Scandal at Abu Ghraib Free Essays

The abuse scandal of prisoners at Abu Ghraib occurred during the Iraq war. From 2003 to 2006 AbuGhraib prison was a US Army detention center for captured Iraqis. An investigation into the treatment of detainees at the prison was prompted by the discovery of graphic photos depicting guards abusing detainees in 2003. We will write a custom essay sample on Scandal at Abu Ghraib or any similar topic only for you Order Now The facility was located nearBaghdad on 280 acres. At the height of the scandal, the prison held up to 3,800 detainees.Most of the detainees lived in tents in the prison yards(CNN Library).Spec. Joe Darbywas a U.S. Army Reservist serving as a Military Police (M.P.) at the Abu Ghraib prison, when, in January of 2004 he blew the whistle on several of his colleagues that were involved in the abuse scandal. He said he received the now-notorious abuse photos on computer disks(CDs)from Cpl. Charles Graner at the beginning of December(Associated Press). He turned them over to the Army investigators Jan. 12, testifying that he knew Graner was a ringleader in the abuse and would be returning to the prison soon from another assignment.Darby was right in disclosing the abuse and blowing the whistle because the duty of preventionof further illegal abuse of prisoners by U.S. Army personnel outweighed any other duty or loyalty that he may have felt bound to. In addition, withholding evidence and knowledge of something as fundamentally wrong as torture could have led to more problems for Spec. Darby overall because the abuse could have escalated and eventually have been found outanyway. In James 2this case, justified legal action against him as a co-conspirator, for withholding evidence, and failure to disclose illegal activity could have been usedagainst him. Furthermore, feeling as distressed as he did about finding the photos of the abuse, living with the knowledge of having ignored inhumane acts performed by Army personnel could have led to tremendous psychological stress due to feelings of guilt. Why did Joe Darby wait several weeks to turn the CDs in? In a situation where whistleblowing becomes a very real possibility for someone, two, possibly more,loyalties start conflictingwithin the person having to decide on whether to blow the whistle or not,Most oftenthisis a conflict between a public or common moralinterestthat the actor feels he has to protectand hisfeeling of duty, commitment , and loyalty to an organization and/or one or several individuals. This conflict of loyalties can be agonizing for the potentialwhistleblowerbecause hewill havetodisregardone loyaltyin favor of another(both of which are of equal moral importance to him)if he blows the whistle.In Spec. Darby’s case there were several conflicts. First, the loyalty to the institution of the Army;secondthe loyalty to his colleagues;third, public interest intheprevention of harm and illegal activities,and finally thefear of retaliation, the threat to his own person as well as his family. In one interview, about disclosing the abuse at Abu Ghraib, Darby is quoted assaying it was†the right decision and it had to be made†(Norris). While he was hailed as a hero by some, he was also facing a lot of opposition for his actions as a whistleblower. After returning to the U.S. he was placed in protective custodyfor an extended amount of time, and later had to move from his hometown to escape harassment and threats against him and his family. According to Kantian deontology, which is the best moral theory to apply here,Darby had a duty to blowthe whistlebecause the concept of duty is the essential or central point of James 3deontology, and rather than being worried about the consequences of an action, the important thing is the way actors think when they make choices.The act should come from respect for the moral law. The only inherently good thing, according to Kant, is the good will, and the will is good when one acts out of duty and not out of inclination (to gain something material or gain a feeling of self-satisfaction). Darby made the decision to blow the whistle for the sole reason of preventing further wrongdoing by fellow soldiers, and further harm to prisoners at Abu Ghraib. He acted out of good will; he had neither material gain nor did the act of whistleblowing make him feel good. He perceived it as his moral duty to disclose the information. While an opponent of whistleblowing may argue that deontology cannot justifyintroducing as universal law theexternal or public disclosure in all cases of alleged wrongdoing, it can be countered here that it is equally not justifiable to establish as a universal law for a person to keep quiet about knowledge of intentional wrongdoing forever or indefinitely. Additionally, the duty to blow the whistle,as suggested bydeontology,is already being upheld in several professions, and in many of the States.For example,teachers,and physicians are required to report suspicions of abuse, nurses are required to report mistakes in the medical treatment of patients, and thereare laws that punish the failure to report a felonyin numerous states. Even in the Military there are clauses that obligate a soldier to refuse an order that is not legal. These are all examples of deontological theory supporting whistleblowing as the duty of a good citizen. While blowing the whistle externally is still often a controversial concept, internal whistleblowing has long been encouraged or been made obligatory by management in corporatecodes of ethics (Paddget). Considering that many U.S. soldiers were in the explicit pictures that were taken of the abuse, one stands to reasonably pose the question if Darby was the only person who was James 4disturbed by the actions of the soldiers involved in the torture of detainees. Spec. JeremySivits, who is also mentioned in case 6.2, was the first soldier to be tried. In his defense, his attorney insisted that Sivits was merely following orders, as he had been trained, to photograph the abuse. He claimed that followingorders was the right thing to do for Sivits(Clancy, Vaught and Solomon). This defense did not hold up in court, and Jeremy Sivits was tried and convicted, possibly because his invoking the defense of obedience was flawed. â€Å"Strict† obedience, which is what Sivits obedience to superiors essentially was, cannot excuse participation in a case involving unlawful actions as using torture and abuse on detainees of the U.S. Army. The Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ) 809[890]. ART.90(20), makes it clear that military personnel need to obey the â€Å"lawful command of his superior officer,† 891.ART.91 (2), the â€Å"lawful order of a warrant officer†, 892.ART.92 (1) the â€Å"lawful general order†, 892.ART.92 (2) â€Å"lawful order†. In each case, military personnel have an obligation and a duty to only obey lawful orders and indeed have an obligation to disobey Unlawful orders, including orders by the president that do not comply with the UCMJ. The moral and legal obligation is to the U.S. Constitution and not to those who would issue unlawful orders, especially if those orders are in direct violation of the Constitution and the UCMJ (Mosqueda). How to cite Scandal at Abu Ghraib, Papers

Philip Tompkins Organizational Communicatin Imperatives Essay Example For Students

Philip Tompkins Organizational Communicatin Imperatives Essay Philip Tompkins Organizational Communicatin ImperativesINTRODUCTIONIn the book Organizational Communication Imperatives, by Philip K. Tompkins, we are introduced to a chapter that deals with an organization that isheld under high prestige by not only those who are employed by it, but by acountry as well. This American organization is NASA, (National AeronauticalSpace Administration), and although a very prestigious place to work, it is notfree of its share of wrongdoing and counter productive ways. Ten years ago(1986), NASA was faced with its biggest catastrophe, The Challenger Explosion. This preventable event , which claimed the life of a crew of seven, left manyquestioning the ability of communication throughout NASA. The idea that acrucial element of the space shuttle, O-Rings, would pass inspection, althoughmany scientists doubted the success of these, would be the ultimate cause of thecrews demise shortly after lift off. It seems these scientists doubts wereoverlooked by a higher authority who gave the go ahead knowing the risk atstake. The United States Army, well known for its maintaining of order andconduct, has fallen into a most peculiar and shameful predicament due to lack ofcommunication. The New York Times brought its readers to the attention that allwas not right in the military. An organization that shares a similar prestigeto that of NASA, an organization who has exemplified its leadership time andtime again by becoming a force, so powerful, that it is sometimes considered topolice the world, has fallen into a sex abuse scandal. It seems that severalwomen have come forward to proclaim their mistreatment from various acts rangingfrom rape to verbal harassment instilled upon them by members of the military. These women feel, had there been a genuine form of organizational communication,the study of sending and receiving messages, they would not have fell victimsto such hideous crimes.Senator Barbara Boxer stated (New York Times 11/96)that the complaints made by the women who came forward immediately were lostsomewhere along the line in an attempt to reach a higher authority, signifying aneed for some type of restructure. STRENGTHSIn the minds of many people today the United States Army Is consideredto have one of the best structured organizational communication networks.Thisis based upon the specified code of conduct that the Army is underlyingly ruledby. This is upheld by the specific chain of command which is easilydistinguished by rank and uniform. Strict punishment is carried out upon thosewho violate rules and conduct, commonly accepted by this organization. Theauthority figures, in the Army, set tasks, and relay a common purpose to allsubordinates down to the lowest level in the organization. They also overseethat actions and conduct are carried out in line with the organization ideology. Luckily for NASA, during Werner Von Brauns tenure at the helm, therewere many strengths in this companys organizational communication structure. Amore than adequate system of communication was established and overseen by VonBraun that centered upon the theory of upward communication. This theory wasdesigned around the principle, that workers closest to the problem had a largehand in the decision making. The term, penetration, was key for thisorganizations checks and balances. It established extensive contact betweencontractors and NASA officials at the Marshall Space Flight Center. Von Braunssystem of the Monday Notes, kept communication between each level of thisorganization at an informed stature This was a two-way direct form ofcommunication where feedback was present in both parties. The high level ofredundancy in this organization can be attributed to the success of the MondayNotes in the communication process. NASAs lateral function kept different labsup to date upon each other , and its workers possessed a willingness to serve,a principle where workers had the necessary skills and training to perform theirjobs. .ub6188532c4edb060bcd9c18a56a755d8 , .ub6188532c4edb060bcd9c18a56a755d8 .postImageUrl , .ub6188532c4edb060bcd9c18a56a755d8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub6188532c4edb060bcd9c18a56a755d8 , .ub6188532c4edb060bcd9c18a56a755d8:hover , .ub6188532c4edb060bcd9c18a56a755d8:visited , .ub6188532c4edb060bcd9c18a56a755d8:active { border:0!important; } .ub6188532c4edb060bcd9c18a56a755d8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub6188532c4edb060bcd9c18a56a755d8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub6188532c4edb060bcd9c18a56a755d8:active , .ub6188532c4edb060bcd9c18a56a755d8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub6188532c4edb060bcd9c18a56a755d8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub6188532c4edb060bcd9c18a56a755d8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub6188532c4edb060bcd9c18a56a755d8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub6188532c4edb060bcd9c18a56a755d8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub6188532c4edb060bcd9c18a56a755d8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub6188532c4edb060bcd9c18a56a755d8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub6188532c4edb060bcd9c18a56a755d8 .ub6188532c4edb060bcd9c18a56a755d8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub6188532c4edb060bcd9c18a56a755d8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: THE SUMMARY OF THE COSTS OF UNEMPLOYMENT EssayWEAKNESSESBelieve it or not, the Army, as strong as it may appear, containsseveral weaknesses to coincide with its strengths. This can be attributed tothe Armys system of downward communication. This system is based upon thegiving and taking of orders, with an understanding that no questions shall beasked of authority. The lack of checks and balances in the Army leads toenormous amounts of discretion held by any officer with a considerable amount ofpower and prestige. This can sometimes lead to hostility and moral masochism,the act of abuse and overextension of power towards subordinates. Feelings ofpersecution, fear, and intim idation of superiors are

Mending Wall Essays (249 words) - Mending Wall, Wall,

Mending Wall 1) This poem is about human nature. People have a natural tendency to build up walls. They push people out and shut people off. However, at the same time we want to not have to build these walls. We want to have a life without walls and let everyone into our lives. I think Frost feels a little of both when he speaks of mending the walls. (Lines 13-14) "And on a day we meet to walk the line, And set the wall between us once again". The two neighbors meet and come together, yet they push each other away once again. This shows both tendencies to come together and build walls to keep apart. 2) To me a wall is just a barrier separating two people or things. The Berlin wall for example, this wall separated two countries. It was inevitable that one day this wall would come down. Walls must come down. Walls do not make good neighbors. Walls are things like discrimination or social injustice. Walls are not a good thing to have. If the world had less walls, we would be more unified and would live in a much happier place. 3) Blank verse seems to be effective in this poem because with every new line, a new idea is developed. It isn't like a poem with stanzas however because stanzas tend to focus on one idea. Frost joins all his lines together while still focusing on different ideas. He uses this style of poetry to help in developing the theme. Everything flows together yet stands apart line by line.